Hailstorms in the United States: Causes, Risks, and Impact on Agriculture and Insurance
With storms impacting areas from Texas and Oklahoma to central Florida in late April 2023, hail is once again in the news as we continue into the heart of severe weather season for most of the United States. Tornadoes and hurricanes may receive the majority of the public’s attention when it comes to severe weather, but hail is also a major concern for citizens and insurance companies.
Hailstorms are among the most damaging weather events in the United States. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), hailstorms cause an average of $1 billion in damages to property and crops every year1. While hailstorms can occur in any part of the country, some areas are more prone to hail damage due to their location, climate, and topography.
Additional Resource on Hail Damage: Assessing a Property for Hail Damage | Envista Forensics
Overview of Hail Storms
Hail is a type of precipitation that forms when strong updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops high into the colder regions of the atmosphere, where they freeze into ice pellets. As these frozen pellets are carried up and down within the storm's cloud, they collect layers of water droplets that freeze onto their surface. This process of accumulating layers of ice and water continues until the hailstone becomes too heavy for the updrafts to hold, and it falls to the ground, causing damage to anything in its path.
The size of hailstones can vary greatly, ranging from pea-sized to as large as grapefruits or even softballs. The non-uniform shape of hailstones is a result of the varying environmental conditions that the hailstones encounter as they develop. Additionally, the irregular shape of hailstones can also be attributed to the collision and merging of smaller hailstones within the storm cloud.
Hail Season
Hailstorms can occur at any time of the year, but they are most common in the spring and summer months when thunderstorms are more frequent. The peak hail season in the Great Plains region is from May to July, with the most significant hailstorms typically occurring in late May and early June. While it's true that some areas are more prone to hailstorms than others, hail can occur anywhere that thunderstorms are present.
Signs of Hail Damage
Hailstorms can significantly impact structures, often leaving visible and hidden damage. Prompt identification is crucial to prevent further deterioration, maintain safety, and ensure accurate insurance claims.
Visible Signs of Hail Damage
Roofing Systems
Hail impacts roofing materials differently:
- Asphalt Shingles: Look for dents, granule loss, cracking, or soft spots.
- Metal Roofs: Check for noticeable dents or surface scratches.
- Tile Roofing: Watch for cracked, broken, or chipped tiles.
Windows and Doors
Inspect for signs such as:
- Dents or cracks in the frames.
- Chipped paint or broken glass.
- Damage to window seals or mechanisms.
Exterior Siding and Paint
Hail can cause dents, cracks, or chipping in siding and paint, potentially exposing underlying materials to moisture and further damage.
Hidden Damage
Hail damage isn’t always visible to the naked eye. Microfractures in roofing materials, compromised structural elements, or weakened seals may go unnoticed but pose long-term risks.
Forensic Engineering Expertise
Forensic engineers use advanced techniques to detect hidden damage and assess its severity. Their unbiased evaluations can clarify repair needs, strengthen insurance claims, and provide a precise estimate for restoration costs.
Don’t leave hail damage unchecked—consider a forensic assessment to ensure no issues go unnoticed.
Dangers of Hailstorm Damage to Agriculture and Livestock
Hailstorms can cause significant damage to crops, especially those that are close to harvest. Hailstones can bruise or puncture fruits and vegetables, damage leaves, and break branches. In addition, hail can strip plants of their protective coverings, leaving them vulnerable to diseases and pests. Livestock can also be at risk during hailstorms, as they can suffer from injuries and stress due to loud noise and sudden temperature changes.
High-Risk Areas for Damage from Hail
The central United States is an area that is particularly vulnerable to hailstorms. This region, known as "Hail Alley," encompasses parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota. Within Hail Alley, the highest risk for hail damage is concentrated along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, which includes Colorado Springs, Denver, and Fort Collins, and extends into western Nebraska and South Dakota.
This area experiences a unique combination of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and cold air from the Rockies, creating the perfect conditions for hail formation. In fact, the area sees an average of three to four major hailstorms per year, with hailstones often reaching the size of golf balls or even softballs. The resulting property damage and insurance claims can be devastating for homeowners and businesses in the region.
Impact of Hail Damage on Insurance
Hail damage is one of the most common claims filed by homeowners and businesses to their insurance companies. According to NOAA, the total damage from hail in the U.S. was just over $1 billion in 20212. In recent years, the cost of hail damage has been rising due to the increased severity and frequency of hailstorms. Insurers are responding by raising premiums and deductibles in hail-prone areas, and some are also using new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and weather modeling, to better predict and manage risk.
One of the most extreme hailstorms on record occurred in Vivian, South Dakota, in 20103. A hailstone that fell during this storm measured a staggering 8 inches in diameter, making it the largest hailstone ever recorded in the United States. The storm caused extensive damage to buildings, vehicles, and crops in the area. In addition to the record-breaking hailstone, several six-inch hailstones were identified in that same storm.
Another significant hailstorm occurred in Denver, Colorado, in 1990. During this storm, hailstones the size of baseballs fell from the sky, causing $625 million in damage ($1.23 billion adjusted to 2020 dollars)4.
While these extreme hailstorms are certainly noteworthy, it's important to remember that even smaller hail can cause significant damage. Hailstones that are only an inch or two in diameter can dent cars, break windows, and damage roofs.
Hailstorms are a significant weather hazard in the United States, often causing over one billion dollars in yearly damages. While hail can occur anywhere, some areas are more susceptible than others due to their climate and topography. Farmers and ranchers are particularly vulnerable to hail damage, which can devastate crops and harm livestock. Insurance companies are also affected by hailstorms, as they must pay out billions of dollars in claims. As the frequency and severity of hailstorms continue to increase, it is crucial to develop strategies to mitigate the impact of hail and reduce the risk of damage.
Insurance Claims Process
- Initial Damage Assessment: After a hailstorm, start by assessing the visible damage to your property. Take clear photos and detailed notes of any affected areas, including roofing, siding, windows, and landscaping. This documentation will be crucial for your insurance claim.
- Contacting the Insurance Company: Notify your insurance company as soon as possible about potential damage. Share your initial findings and follow their instructions for filing a claim.
- Insurance Adjuster Assessment: An insurance adjuster will evaluate the damage to determine coverage. Partnering with a forensic engineer can enhance this process by uncovering hidden issues and providing a more thorough analysis of the damage.
- Documentation and Evidence Gathering: Detailed records are key to a successful claim. Forensic engineers can assist by identifying concealed damage, offering technical expertise, and providing robust evidence to support your case.
The Role of Forensic Engineering in Claims
Forensic engineers provide an unbiased, professional evaluation of storm damage. Their expertise ensures a comprehensive inspection, helping to resolve disputed claims and verifying the full extent of the damage.
Resolving Claims and Disputes
The final stages of claim resolution often require clear evidence. Forensic engineering assessments can provide the critical support needed for fair settlements, especially in complex or contentious cases.
Preventative Measures for Future Storms
Investing in storm preparedness can reduce future damage.
Preventative Measures for Structural Protection
- Roof: Regular inspections, impact-resistant materials, and reinforced roofing.
- Windows and Doors: Install storm shutters and impact-resistant glass, and ensure proper sealing.
- Siding and Exterior: Maintain gutters, siding, and drainage systems to minimize wind and hail damage.
Property Maintenance Tips
- Clear gutters and secure loose items to prevent damage from flying debris.
- Regularly inspect for signs of wear, especially after minor storms.
When to Consider Forensic Engineering Assessments
High-risk properties benefit from forensic evaluations to identify vulnerabilities and recommend targeted improvements.
Emergency Preparation Tips
Before a storm hits, secure outdoor items, reinforce vulnerable structures and create an emergency plan to ensure safety and reduce potential damage.
FAQs About Hail Storm Damage
What should I do immediately after a hailstorm?
Begin by inspecting your property for visible damage and document everything with photos and notes. Address any immediate hazards and contact your insurance company to start the claims process. For a professional evaluation, consult a forensic engineering expert.
How can I file an insurance claim for hail damage?
Start by documenting the damage and contacting your insurer promptly. A forensic engineer’s assessment can supplement the adjuster’s findings, providing a detailed report to support your claim.
Should I hire a professional for a hail damage inspection?
Yes. Forensic engineers bring expertise to identify hidden damage that might be missed in a standard inspection, ensuring you receive a comprehensive evaluation for your claim.
How costly is hailstorm damage repair?
Repair costs vary based on the severity and location of the damage. Forensic engineers can help assess the scope of repairs and provide accurate estimates, supporting your claim.
What steps should I take for a home inspection post-hailstorm?
Inspect the roof, siding, windows, and other exterior areas for damage. Document all findings and consider hiring a forensic engineer for a detailed assessment to uncover hidden issues.
Envista Forensics | Experts in Storm Damage Assessments
Envista Forensics specializes in detailed evaluations of hailstorm damage. Our forensic engineers provide expert insights to support insurance claims.
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